艾伯特基金会上海代表处与上海社会科学院生态研究所(SASS)成功举办了第七届绿色发展论坛。鉴于有必要在私营经济和公共部门开展制度改革,同时延长建筑物的生命周期,因此今年的论坛将焦点对准了建筑行业。
世界各地的城市都在不断地壮大和崛起。几十年来,城镇化已成为不可阻挡的社会现象,但也面临着复杂的挑战。居民住房占用了越来越多的城镇土地,同时,一次能源需求也在随着经济的日益繁荣而与日俱增。
目前,建筑业——即房屋的修建、拆除以及居住和利用——的二氧化碳排放量占到了全球总量的38%,中国的这一比例甚至超过50%。在这种情况下,生态足迹被按比例地分配到建筑物的建造、拆除以及使用等不同环节。
与会专家一致认为:为了实现气候目标,必须以可持续的方式建造和改造建筑,以期减少建筑行业的二氧化碳排放。而要想实现这一目标,就需要有效的解决方案,同时确保住房价格的合理。中方专家指出:大规模建造可从清洁电网获取能源和/或借助光伏电板实现能源自给自足的(超)低排放建筑、大幅提高建筑物的节能改造比率以及落实市场化措施(如有效的二氧化碳交易市场),是快速实现气候中立目标的关键因素。然而德方数据显示,这一变化的进展速度过于缓慢。
两国专家均认为,对建筑物能耗和排放进行监测和监督,是开展分析和总结、从而实现建筑可持续发展的另一关键因素。但德国目前尚不存在这种体系,因为它需要大量的熟练工人作为支撑,但这一前提条件实际上还无法得到满足。另一方面,中国已经比德国更多地借助技术手段来监控能效。此外,中德两国都在开展随机评估建筑物能耗和排放的项目。
除了可为社会接受并切实保护环境的政策与法律之外(例如逐步淘汰家用燃油和天然气供暖系统),还需要向民众提供相关信息,从而教育民众、推动公众参与,使其了解变革措施的长期积极影响以及无所作为的负面影响。此外,还必须通过各种激励和倡议计划,尽量减少由此带来的后续成本和社会难题。
通过为期两天的会议可以看到,尽管人们普遍认可建筑业改革的必要性,但若想应用和实施各种创新理念,充分挖掘潜力,从而实现社会和生态携手并进,中德两国仍需开展大量工作并加大相关投资。
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