中国和欧盟的决策者都表示,人口老龄化加剧了养老金体系的负担,因此应该延迟退休年龄,严格控制成本。但养老金紧缩政策是否人口老龄化问题唯一切实可行的应对措施?
尽管中国和欧盟在许多方面大相径庭,但两者都面临着人口老龄化的问题,并为此建立了公共养老金体系,为维持社会稳定发挥了重要的作用。公共养老金体系成本昂贵,关于养老金体系改革及其财务可持续性的辩论几乎从未停歇,这本身无可厚非。
然而,如果决策者只注重通过延迟劳动年限来扼制成本上升,则容易误入歧途:欧洲许多人早在达到退休年龄前就已属于非经济活动人口,只有改善教育和就业机会才能为他们创造更多的福利。无独有偶,在中国,(外)祖母是许多家庭主要负责照护小孩的人,如果仅仅延迟女性退休年龄(虽然中国女性确实退休偏早)而没有同时扩展公共托幼服务,那么很可能降低年轻女性活动率,反而导致养老金缴费规模缩减。
之所以建立养老金体系,是因为人口老龄化已成为发达国家的一个基本特征。决策者应该顺势而行,而不能纯粹只是延长劳动年限;其工作重点应该是解决不平等问题,消除障碍,推动更多人参与经济建设并获得回报,从而提升养老金体系的缴费规模。本研究概括了欧洲和中国养老金体系当前所面临的挑战,并就如何解决问题提出了一些建议。
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Liu, Tao
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Meier, Oliver; Staack, Michael
Bormann, René; Gaffron, Philine; Kucz, Ingo
Schwemmle, Michael; Wedde, Peter
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