随着生育率降到本世纪最低水平以及人均预期寿命增加,社会进入老龄化,我们越发需要一个可持续发展的医疗卫生体系,同时也面临日益严峻的挑战。弗里德里希·艾伯特基金会上海代表处与复旦大学欧洲问题研究中心希望通过为期两天的研讨会,为长期护理和医疗卫生体系提供新的思路和方法。
中德两国的长期护理和医疗卫生事业都面临着重大挑战。两国专家在各自的专题报告中均指出,由于两国经济都在适应人均年龄不断增长的社会发展趋势,社保体系缴费率低而社保需求不断增加的问题日益普遍。因此亟需进行改革,以便全方位地保障民生,并最大限度地减少社会不平等现象。
中国全覆盖的长期护理体系建设仍处于起步阶段。正如一位专家在报告中所指出的,中国的长期护理体系是从2016年才开始建设的,无论是在空间分布上还是服务质量上,都呈现碎片化的特点。只有少数居民加入了既能保证质量、又能满足需求的长期护理保险,目前仅有高收入群体能负担得起专业护理的费用。
此外,护理质量和供给资源都存在不足,同时融资机制的发展也仅仅刚刚起步。中德双方与会嘉宾一致认为,两国的护理行业均存在工作时间长、工资低的特点。非正规护理工作主要由女性家庭成员承担,并且仍然是大多数老年和失能群体的首选。一位中国专家补充认为,需要开展全方位的护理教育和培训,以吸引更多人加入护理行业。
随着2013年引入农村合作医疗制度并加大财政投入,中国政府已经在为全体居民提供基本医疗服务。然而,城乡之间显然存在着巨大的区域差异。中方专家建议由国家医疗卫生体系支持全国各地方建设更多的医疗设施。在资金方面,则需要加大建立在团结互助基础上的省际财政转移力度。会议期间,也有人呼吁将医疗保险缴费与个人收入挂钩,并将固定险费制度改为税率制度。
护理体系的融资仍然是一个有待解决的重大问题。德国可以作为中国发展社会保险制度的一个良好榜样,但根据德方所做的一份报告所称,德国社保体系也将很快达到其缴费融资能力的极限。在保护民众健康方面,国家的作用将变得越发重要。另有德方专家建议,两国应向其他以社会可接受和可持续的方式运作社保体系的国家(如瑞典或英国)学习,从他们的成熟经验和模式中汲取灵感。
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Liu, Tao
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Meier, Oliver; Staack, Michael
Bormann, René; Gaffron, Philine; Kucz, Ingo
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